Plot & Story
By Miguel Machalski

Before launching into this second instalment on screenwriting tips, which will deal with some basic considerations on plot and story, I want to make it quite clear that we are only focusing here on a few essential tools and concepts. You will not be able to go home and write a great script with these implements only, but neither will you be able to write a great script simply by reading dozens of books on writing or attending a handful of top level workshops and master classes. The most you can expect from any of these sources is inspiration, openings, hints – certainly not ready-made, multipurpose solutions. A good screenplay depends on talent, imagination, passion, not on the use of recipes.

We’ll examine here three of the main aspects of storytelling and plot devising: conflict, consistency and purpose. We’ll begin by asking the question: what makes a story a story? Take this very short tale: Z gets up in the morning, cuts himself while slicing bread for breakfast, puts on a bandage and leaves his house to go to work. As he walks down the street, a truck drives past and knocks down a pregnant woman who absentmindedly steps out on the roadway. Z looks on for a moment as people gather and an ambulance is rapidly called. He continues walking and further down the street, a nasty fight breaks out between two men outside a bar. Z hurries past and notices one of the men’s cell-phones lying on the street. He picks it up, checks it, and decides to put it back where it was and pursue his route to work. He reaches his office, sits himself at his desk and begins his day’s labour.

I tend to define conflict as any occurrence that disrupts the normal course of events. A woman who strips in a striptease joint is not a cause for conflict. If she strips at a drunken party, it might cause a reaction, but if she removes all her clothes in a crowded post office at 11 a.m., it would cause considerable disturbance. Conflict is not necessarily death, struggle or violence, but whatever interferes with what we consider normality in a given context. In our small story, there is conflict – the cut, the road accident, the fight, the fallen cell-phone - but none has dramatic impact because there is neither consistency nor purpose. (The same story without conflict would be the man simply getting up, having breakfast, leaving home, walking down the street, reaching his office and settling down to work).

I use the word ‘story’ but it’s actually a misnomer because it’s just a sequence of disconnected events. The whole notion of plot and story revolves around a chain of cause and consequence. We might choose to skip either with elliptic storytelling (go straight to a consequence and let the audience guess the cause, or withhold the consequence and leave it to the audience’s imagination), reverse the order (show consequences before causes) or alter everyday logical reasoning (a character removes his jacket in freezing weather or betrays the person he most loves), but behind any of these choices, and however concealed, there has to be a chain of cause and effect for us to think in terms of a plot which will involve an audience. Thus, in our account of what befalls Z, we lose interest in what happens to him because none of the causes (conflicts) have any consequence or connection whatsoever with the next. We have a string of unrelated events which do not respond to any rationale or decipherable code. So not only is there no consistency but it ends up seeming utterly meaningless. Summing up: we do not have a story here, as neither do we have one in the tale as told above without conflict, where there is consistency (as each action leads to another), but no purpose or dramatic tension: why would anyone want to tell it?

Now let’s imagine the story as follows: Z gets up in the morning, cuts himself while slicing bread, leaves home for work. As he walks along, just a bit further up the street, a pregnant woman is knocked down by a truck. Horrified and reluctant to approach the bloodied body, Z dives down a side street. As he hurries along, a fight suddenly breaks out between two men outside a bar. Z has to walk past – there is no other way – and as he does so, a cell-phone falls from the pocket of one of the fighting men. Z hesitates, then stoops to pick up the fallen phone. As he does so, he grasps it in such a way that it grazes the cut on his hand. The sharp pain makes him accidentally press the touch-pad and a number is automatically dialled. As he inspects the cut, the phone rings and someone answers: it is a sweet, mellow woman’s voice. The bewildered Z looks around but the two men are way too busy pounding away at each other to notice anything. Z moves away from the brawl and takes note of the caller’s number. He leaves the phone on the street and as soon as he gets to his office, calls up the woman with a convincing excuse and strikes up conversation with her. When he hangs up, the exhilarated Z tells one of his fellow workers he believes he has just found the woman of his life.

In telling the series of events in this manner, we are establishing links between each one in such a way that we can see an intelligible narrative pattern (in other words, a plot): if Z hadn’t seen the woman being run over he wouldn’t have changed course and wouldn’t have passed by the fighting men. In doing so, he picks up a phone he would never have set eyes on, and because earlier that day he cut himself, he presses a number and is connected to a woman – a possible soul mate – he would otherwise never even have known the existence of. The events are conflictive and one leads to another in a tangible sequence of cause and effect. Furthermore, we get the feeling of a theme: everything that occurs to us is the result of an infinite succession of factors, seemingly random at the time we experience them, but that become related when we assemble them in the form of a narration. It is about how incidents ricochet off one another to create an intricate mesh of actions, and how someone’s misfortune – the pregnant woman whose husband will be grief-stricken or the two men beating each other to a pulp – can be someone else’s blessing. Or how a person’s own misfortune – cutting his hand – may end up being a blessing in disguise for the person himself. We have no knowing where things lead, or for what hidden reason they occur. Plot gives these apparently isolated factors a coherent form.

Conflict, consistency, purpose: elements of plot and story. We’re not talking about cinematography here, but about storytelling. You may create a magnificent cinematic moment or even an entire film based on two men sitting opposite each other smoking and looking out the window, hardly exchanging a word. It may be stunning and I wouldn’t think of dismissing it, but it isn’t a story. There is no plot, because in plot there is time: there is past, present and future. And while philosophically it is wonderful to strive to live in the present moment, it is narratively very difficult to tell a story with no reference to past or future. Conflict stems from past wounds and remembrances, or from future threats and dangers.

Consistency implies a code you establish with the audience: if I tell you this it is because I want later to tell you that. If my character can fly – it’s fantasy but we can accept that – then he must use that ability and it must respond to a recognisable pattern. If he can fly, then he cannot suddenly not fly without any explanation because your story arbitrarily requires him not to. And if he can only fly when the sun is shining, you cannot have him flying in the dead of the night.

And purpose: why are you telling me this story? What secret face of reality are you attempting to reveal or understand in telling the story? What worldview do you wish to communicate to your fellow beings?

You can make a film with very little or no plot, as indeed filmmakers like Kim Ki-Duk, Wong Kar-Wai or the Iranian Abbas Kiarostami do, but you hardly need a script for that. Here we are talking about screenwriting which is a part of filmmaking but at the same time a different craft, and every time I read a script without a story, without conflict, consistency or purpose, I can only say: It’s very difficult to talk about the script. If you can get to make your film, do so, show it to me, and we’ll talk about that…
 

Note: The Indonesian language version of this article already appeared at Cinemags#134.

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